Xogta Puntland

1.1 Taariikhda Puntland
Taariikhda Gobalada Waqooyi Bari oo ilaa Bartimihii 1998 lagu magacaabo Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Somalia, Inkasta oo gumaystaha ka hor bulshada soomaaliyeed aysan lahayn Dowlad dhexe oo dhisan iyo xuduudo cayiman,
Gobolada Waqooyi bari waxay lahaayeen qaab dowladeed oo soo jireen ah, ilaa bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, kuwaas oo lagu magacaabi jiray sida, Boqortooyadii Majeerteenya (1901-1927) oo ka dhisnayd Gobolada bari iyo nugaal, Boqortooyada Mudug (1885-1925), Boqortooyada Sanaag Bari (1896-1925)
Boqortoyooyinkaasi uma dhisnayn qaab maamul dowladeed oo casri ah, laakiin waxay lahaayeen maamul iyo ciidan dhisan oo ilaaliya Nabdgelyada, Arimaha bulshada, iyo siyaasada, Sadexda saldano waxay lahaayeen xiriir ganacsi dhaexdooda iyo mid ay la lahaayeen India iyo gacanka carbeed. Waxay dhoofin jireen Xoolaha nool, Maydi iyo malmalka, Waxayna ku soo bedelen jireen raashin iyo qalab.ganacsigaasi wusuu si gaar ah u horumariyey Boqortooyadii Majeerteeniya qaybtii dambe ee qarnigii 19aad iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20aad.
Gumaystaha Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska ayaa xoog ku qabsaday saldanooyikaas (1923-1927), Kuwaas oo dumiyey qaabkii dhaqaale iyo siyaasi oo jiray.
Gumaysiga Talyaanigu wuxuu si gaar u burburiyey ganacsigii jirey, wuxuuna khasbay in Dalka talyaaniga laga soo dejiyo waxkasta oo ganacsi ah, loona dhoofiyo cusbada, maydiga, mooska kuwaas oo ay dhoofinayaan shirkado talyaani ah lagana soo dejiyo Magaalada Muqdisho.
Burburinta ganacsigii iyo awoodii soo jireenka ahayd ee goboladan waxay waxyeelo weyn u gaysatay dhaqaalihii iyo qaabkii nololeed ee shacabka., sidaa darteed waxay kaliftay inay ganacsatadii iyo xirfadlayaashii goboladan ay u guuraan koonfurta Soomaliya si u helaan fursad ganacsi iyo mid shaqo. Sidoo kale gumaystihii talyaanigu wuxuu si khasab ah ugu musaafuriyey magaalada muqdisho, qoyskii, qaraabadii iyo taageerayashii muhiimka ahaa ee Saldanadii Mudug.Si la mid ah Saldanadii Bariga Sanaag waxaa gumaystaha Ingiriisku ugu masaafuriyey si khasab ah Jasiirada Seychelles .
Burburinta dhaqaalaha iyo minguurinta ay Gumaystayashu u gaysteen saldanooykii soo jiraaka ahaa ee goboladan, waxay ku salaysnayad in laga ilaaliyo bulshada soomaaliyeed kacdoon xornimo doon ah.
Gumaystahu wuxuu dalka ka talinayeen Bartamihii (1920 – 1960), ka dibna dowladahii soomalidu waxay ka talinayeen ilaa 1960-1990
Ka dib burburkii Dowladii Somaaliyeed bilowgii 1991, SSDF oo ka mid ahayd jabhadahii ka soo hor jeeday dowladii markaa jirtay oo keliya ayaa ku sugnayd gobolada markaa la oran jiray Waqooyi Bari hadana ka mid ah gobolada ku bahoobay Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland.
Madaxdii SSDF oo taageero buuxda ka haysata shacabka, waxay culayska saareen siday goboladan uga daafici lahaayeen xoogaga ka soo duulay koonfurta Soomaliya oo ay horkacaysey jabhada la yiraahdo USC (1991-1993), iyo urburkii Al-itihad oo isku dayey inay xukuntka goboladan si xoog ah ula wareegaan 1992, labada xoogba waa laga adkaaday, guulahaasi waxay SSDF u yeeshay awood siyaaso iyo mid ciidan oo aad looga tixgeliyey soomaaliya inteeda kale.
1.2 DHISMIHII DOWLAD GOBOLEEDKA PUNTLAND:
Ka dib markii wadatashiyo badan ay yeesheen isimada, siyaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanka, ganacsatada, iyo qaybaha kala duwan ee bulshada ku nool goboladan, ayaa waxaa la go'aansaday in magaalada Garoowe lagu qabto shir loo wada dhan yahay kaasoo ujeedadiisu ay ahayd in la dhiso maamul dowlad goboleed. Islamarkaas waxaas ku soo biiray Gobolada Sanaag iyo Sool oo kula bahoobay Maamulaka cusub Goboladii laysku oran jiray Waqooyi Bari.
Shirkaas waxaa ka soo baxay bartamihii 1998, Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland, taasoo leh sadexda awoodood oo kala ah, Golaha Wakiilada oo dhan 66 Xilibaan oo lab iyo dhedigba leh, Garsoorka , iyo Golaha Xukuumada oo leh Madaxwayne iyo madaxwayne ku-xigeen.
Sida uu qeexayo Xeerka 1aad,. ee axdiga ku meel-gaarka ah ee lagu dhisay Puntland.
Puntland waxa ay ka mid noqonaysaa Dawlad Soomaaliyeed oo habka Federaaliga ah ku dhisan, waxayna wadahadal la geli kartaa qayb kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah oo aaminsan raadinta iyo ka-mid-noqoshada dawlad soomaaliyeed oo ku dhisan habka federaaliga ah.
Puntland waxay ka kooban tahay todobo Gobol oo kala ah.
Bari
Karkaar
Nugal
Mudug
Sool
Ayn
Sanaag
2. JUQRAAFIGA IYO CIMILADA
2.1 JIHADA AY DHACDO:
Puntland waxay khariidad ahaan dhacdaa Bariga Soomaliya, Waxay xuduudo la wadaagtaa. Galbeedka waxaa ka xiga Gobolada Waqooyi-Galbeed, Waqooyiga Gacanka Cadan , Koonfur-bari waa Bad waynta Indian ocean, Koonfur waa Gobolada dhexe ee soomalia, Koonfur-Galbeedna waxaa ka xiga Wadanka Ethiopia.
2.2 BEDKA DHULKA :
Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland baaxadeedu waa 212,510 Km2, waxay u dhigantaa sadex meelood-meel (1/3) qiyaastii baaxada guud ee Soomaliya.
2.3 CIMILADA:
Cimilada Puntland waa kulayl, Celceliska Cimilada maalintii waxay u dhaxaysaa 27C ilaa 37C, gobolada qaarkood sida Howdka mudug, Gobolka sool, sanaag bari dooxooyinka Nugaal iyo buuralayda bari waxay leedahay hawo furan iyo kulayl dhexdhexaad ah.
2.4 ROOBKA:
Roobka waxaa la helaa xiliyo kala duwan, waxaa lagu qiyasaa 400mm oo roob ah sanadkii, Reer guuraagu waxay inta badan Biyaha ka helaan ceelal iyo harooyin, waxaa jira afar xili oo kala ah

Jiilaal. Bilaha (January – March), Waa qalayl
Gu. (April –June), Waa Xiliga la helo roobka ugu badan
Xagaa. (July – September), Waa Qalayl
Dayr. (October – December), waa xili roobaad Goos -Goos ah

In Somalia, Another Government Teetering?

Just last month, Western donors gathered in Brussels to pledge money to the new Somali government of Sheik Sharif Ahmed, in the hope that he could restore order and punt an end to the offshore piracy that has plagued shipping off his country`s coastline. But renewed fighting in and around Mogadishu has raised fears that Somalia`s 15th government in 18 years is about to fail. Sharif was named President only in January, and it was hoped that as an Islamist committed to restoration of law and order and political dialogue, he might do better than his predecessors at uniting Somalis behind a central administration and bridging the divide between militant Islam and the secular West. That was before the return to Somalia of Sharif`s erstwhile Islamist comrade, Sheik Hassan Dahir Aweys.
Sheik Aweys had led the Islamist Courts Union (ICU) with Sharif when it briefly ruled Mogadishu in 2006 and had established the Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia to expel the Ethiopian troops who had invaded and toppled the Islamists in late 2006. But Aweys brands Sharif a traitor for his more moderate stance and his dependence for security on 3,400 foreign African Union peacekeeping troops. Since Aweys` return a little more than a month ago as head of a new group calling itself Hizbul Islam, hard-line Islamist rebels known as al-Shabaab have made steady gains across the country against forces loyal to Sharif. After some fierce street fighting in Mogadishu last week that killed more than 100, al-Shabaab on Sunday took the town of Jowhar, just north of the capital, and on Monday the nearby town of Mahaday. Sources inside Mogadishu report that Sharif now controls little more than a small patch of territory near the center of the city, although, crucially, his forces also still hold the port.
Analysts and observers differ on the extent of peril facing the new government. Mogadishu has not known peace since the demise of the last national government in 1991 — and a period of relative calm during the six months when the ICU controlled the city — and it is plagued by a byzantine maze of miniwars between clan militias that often control as little as a single building. In that context, an eruption of more fighting is often merely a sign that the bloody stalemate continues as usual. A diplomat in Nairobi suggested that while Sharif`s forces were short of ammunition, the President was confident he had sufficient forces to survive al-Shabaab`s attacks. But others believed there was a real possibility Sharif might be defeated. "He`s taking a real beating," said an observer. "We`re wondering whether he`s going to be pushed into the sea." The BBC reported Tuesday that eyewitnesses in Somalia claimed that Ethiopian troops had re-entered Somalia, just months after their departure, but these claims were vigorously denied by the Ethiopian government.
The fate of Sharif`s government is closely tied to efforts to suppress piracy in and around the Gulf of Aden, but Somalia has also long served as a battlefield for regional rivalries. Last week the U.S. accused Eritrea of being behind the latest upsurge in violence in Somalia — the U.N. has previously accused Eritrea of supplying vast amounts of weapons to hard-line Somali Islamists as part of a proxy war against its nemesis Ethiopia, whose intervention in Somalia was backed by the U.S. The Somali Islamists in 2006 declared a jihad against Ethiopia, while the U.S. says al-Shabaab has links to al-Qaeda and is sheltering the surviving member of a cell that bombed U.S. embassies in East Africa in 1998. Osama bin Laden, for his part, has repeatedly backed al-Shabaab, which the U.N. says is reinforced by some 280 to 300 foreign jihadist fighters. Those fighters are attracted both by the chance to live under the strict Shari`a law imposed by the Shabaab and by the opportunity to fight the Americans, who have bombed Islamist forces on several occasions since 2006 and are believed to have undertaken several covert missions on the ground.
The fighting has hampered the relief effort to ease the effects of a punishing drought, meaning that whatever its outcome, the losers will likely be the estimated 3.2 million Somalis dependent on food aid.
A hard-line Islamist teenage fighters mans a checkpoint at a road in the vicinity of the presidential palace in Mogadishu, on May 14, 2009.

U.N. envoy “destroying” Somalia – Aweys

Somali opposition leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys, head of the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS), smiles during an interview with Reuters in Mogadishu, May 14, 2009. Aweys accused Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, U.N. special envoy to Somalia, on Thursday of “destroying” the Horn of Africa nation, and dismissed talks with the interim government.
* U.N. envoy “destroying” Somalia, Aweys says
* Presence of foreign militants exaggerated
* No talks with interim government
MOGADISHU, May 14 (Reuters) - Hardline opposition leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys accused the U.N. special envoy to Somalia on Thursday of “destroying” the Horn of Africa nation, and dismissed talks with the interim government.
Aweys is seen as an influential figure among insurgents in Somalia where he has headed numerous Islamist groups since the 1990s including the Islamic Courts Union that controlled Mogadishu and much of the south in 2006 before being ousted by Ethiopian soldiers later that year.
The 62-year-old cleric told Reuters in an interview that U.N. envoy Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah was harming Somalis by only supporting the weak transitional government.
“It is a surprise to see Ould-Abdallah destroying Somalia when he, as a Muslim, has an obligation of being honest of what he has to do for Somalis,” Aweys said.
“He consistently defends the government policies as if he is the president of this country, and he is not playing his role of engaging every side of the conflict.”
The world body was not immediately available for comment.
Since the weekend, some of the fiercest clashes in Somalia for months between opposition and pro-government forces have killed at least 139 people and wounded more than 400 others.
Aweys along with President Sheikh Sharif Ahmed led the ICU, which briefly ushered in a time of stability in Somalia before being ousted in December 2006.
“This war is between Somalis who tasted the sweetness of being free and stability and aides of foreign enemies against their interest ... It is a political war,” he said.
Somalia`s 18 years of civil conflict has killed tens of thousands of people, displaced millions and created one of the world`s worst humanitarian crises.
FOREIGN FIGHTERS
Aweys -- whom the United States accuses of links to al Qaeda -- said reports that foreign militants had flocked to Somalia to aid insurgents were embellished.
“It is possible that young, excited Muslim men had arrived in Somalia individually, but it is unfortunate to exaggerate this as a hideout for foreign fighters,” he said.
“As Somalis, we reach our own decisions, and we had not requested any organisation or governments to come and fight along with us.”
Western security agencies have long feared that Somalia with its porous borders and lack of central rule could become a haven for terrorist organisations and could breed extremism.
Aweys has denied rumours that he has links to terrorists.
He reiterated that he would not enter into talks with the government until African Union peacekeepers leave. The presence of foreign soldiers has been a sticking point for opposition figures since Ethiopia`s 2006 invasion.
“The troops who came to keep Muslim leaders away from the leadership have to leave the country. (Then) we are granting every Somali that there will be no fighting. We will sit together and solve everything through dialogue,” he said.
© 2009 Reuters Limited
FACTBOXFacts about Somali opposition leader AweysMay 14, 2009
May 14 (Reuters) - Hardline opposition leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys accused the U.N. special envoy to Somalia on Thursday of “destroying” the Horn of Africa nation, and dismissed talks with the interim government.
Aweys is seen as an influential figure among insurgents in Somalia where he has headed numerous Islamist groups since the 1990s. Here are key facts about Aweys:
* The 62-year-old bespectacled cleric was born on the outskirts of Dhusamareb town in the Galguduud region of central Somalia. He is part of the Ayr wing of the Habr Gedir, a major sub-clan of the Hawiye.
* Aweys went to secondary school in Mogadishu. In 1972, he joined dictator Mohamed Siad Barre`s army and graduated from General Daud military academy. Aweys rose to the rank of colonel and was decorated with a silver medal for bravery in a war against Ethiopia in 1977.
* In the 1990s, the hennaed-bearded Aweys was vice chairman and military commander for al-Ittihad al-Islami, which at the time was Somalia`s largest militant Islamist group. He was soundly defeated back then in battles against Ethiopia and Somali warlords backed by Addis Ababa.
* Aweys is among individuals or entities the United States “linked to terrorism” shortly after the Sept. 11 attacks. The United Nations has him on a list of people “belonging to or associated with” al Qaeda. Washington has ruled out contact with Aweys, who denies al Qaeda links.
* President Sheikh Sharif Ahmed, who led the Islamic Courts Union with Aweys before Ethiopian troops expelled them from Mogadishu in late 2006, wants him off those lists. Aweys founded the al Shabaab, a militant Islamist group and the armed-wing of the sharia courts movement.
* Aweys is a close friend of Sheikh Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki, who, intelligence sources say, leads the Somali wing of the al-Takfir wal-Hijra -- an international Islamist group linked to extremism. Aweys also mentored the former head of the al Shabaab, Aden Hashi Ayro, who was killed in a U.S. air strike in May 2008 and was also accused of al Qaeda links.
* Following Ethiopia`s invasion of Somalia, Aweys went underground and kept a low profile until publicly re-surfacing in Eritrea at a Somali opposition conference in September 2007. Initially, he was not part of the leadership of the Asmara-based Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS), but took over after the former head, Ahmed, broke away and became the interim government`s president. Aweys returned to Somalia in his first known trip back to the Horn of Africa nation in April.
SOURCES: Aweys, Reuters, experts. (Writing by Jack Kimball)
© 2009 Reuters Limited
Somalia: Opposition Leader Aweys Criticizes Newly Elected PresidentAl-Hayah OnlineTuesday, February 3, 2009
Report from Nairobi by Al-Hayah correspondent Muhammad al-Khadr Muhammad on an interview by telephone with Shaykh Hasan Dahir Aweys, leader of the Coalition for the Re-liberation of Somalia, who spoke from his headquarters in the Eritrean capital, Asmara; date not given: “ Aweys attacked his former colleague in the [Islamic] Courts and said his election is a `loss` to the Islamists. He told Al-Hayah: ` Sharif Ahmad is a continuation of the Ethiopian and US policy in fighting Islam.`”
Prominent Somali Islamist Shaykh Hasan Dahir Aweys rejected new Somali President Shaykh Sharif Shaykh Ahmad`scall to the armed Islamic groups in his country to hold a dialogue and join the national reconciliation process. He said moderate Shaykh Ahmad`s administration does not mean a change in the “anti-Islam policy”, which the former government adopted. Rather, he added, it is “a continuation of an Ethiopian-American policy the aim of which is to fight the Islamists” and exclude them from the country`s administration.
Speaking from his headquarters in the Eritrean Capital, Asmara, in an interview by telephone, Aweys, leader of the Coalition for the Re-liberation of Somalia, said: The election of Ahmad as a successor to Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, who resigned at the end of December following a severe disagreement with his Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein, is a “loss” to the Somali people. He added that Ahmad may be “more dangerous” than his predecessor with regard to the fight against Islamists.
Aweys`s stand is in line with the stands that were previously taken by the powerful Youth Movement, which is opposed to the peace process in Somalia.
In a telephone conversation with Al-Hayah, Shaykh Mukhtar Robow, spokesman for the” Mujahidin Youths”, refused to say whether his group will accept Ahmad`s invitation to dialogue or not. He only said: “We will announce our stand in due course.”
It is recalled that supporters of the Youths Movement organized demonstrations in several Somali cities, in which they denounced Ahmad and promised to continue fighting his government.
After his election in Djibouti`s capital on Saturday morning, Ahmad said he will do all he can to reach a solution to the problems that face his country, which has suffered from wars for 18 years. He appealed to the armed faction members to lay down their arms and participate in restoring peace to Somalia. Addressing them, he said: “You are welcome. We are your brothers and we extend our hands to you.”
However, Aweys, former president of the Islamic Courts Council in Somalia, noted that Ahmad does not truly mean what he said. He added: “In my opinion, the election of Shaykh Sharif is a loss. Neither he, nor we gain any benefit from his election, because his goal is to confront the Islamic resistance and cause a clash within the same nation.”
Aweys, who admits that some of his forces are in the capital, Mogadishu, said Ethiopia and America`s goal is to “make the Islamists clash with each other, so that they may shake each other, exactly as the Somali saying goes `An elephant`s bones break each other.`”
He pointed out that his disagreement with Ahmad is not caused by a personal grudge against him. Rather, he added, it is a disagreement based on principles because the policy of the Coalition for the Re-liberation of Somalia “rejects dialogue with a government of criminals and those who reconcile with it.”
Aweys said that former Somali President Yusuf previously invited his group to a dialogue but he rejected the call because the former president “worked to achieve Ethiopia`s goals.” He added: “There is no difference between Abdullahi Yusuf and Shaykh Sharif.” He asked: “Is the difference tribal?” He laughingly asked: “Shall we tell Abdullahi Yusuf: You don`t belong to our tribe?”
Both Aweys and Ahmad belong to the Hawiya Tribe the majority of which resides in the capital and central provinces in Somalia.
Aweys does not hide his fear of Ahmad because the latter knows the Islamists and their areas of weakness. He said: “Shaykh Sharif may be more dangerous than Abdullahi Yusuf who failed to achieve the goals with which he was entrusted.”

How to Improve Learning Skills

Learning defined
In the business world, the kind of learning that matters is that which increases your capacity for effective action. This usually involves accumulating specialized knowledge, skills, and as much self-confidence as it takes to believe in your effectiveness. One highly effective way to accumulate specialized knowledge is to find a problem and solve it. Technology is changing things so rapidly in business, that it is creating an amazing quantity of opportunities to solve new problems. Choose your problems wisely. Each time you solve a problem, it will increase your capacity for effective action in that area. This new capacity will attract opportunities to apply it to new and larger problems of like kind. In this way, the problems you choose to solve can be destiny shaping. It is not the title of the position you hold, it is the nature of the problems you learn how to solve that will determine your success in this rapidly morphing business world.
Multi-pass approach
The multi-pass approach involves exposing your mind to the new material as soon as possible, even if only for a few moments. The ideas may seem confusing at first, as this is often the first stage of learning. Getting this phase out of the way early puts time on your side because from that point on, your subconscious mind will begin processing and assimilating that material. You will notice the effects of this subconscious processing (incubation) the next time you look at the material. There does not appear to be any limit to the amount of material the subconscious mind can "incubate". Embracing this confusion process early does not mean force feeding your mind. It should be done from a place of eager anticipation--from a place of curiosity.
Take short breaks
If you plan to study for an extended period, schedule a 10 minute break every two hours, and a 2-5 minute break every 40 minutes. Studies have shown that we remember more of the first and last things that we study. Taking these breaks increases the number of firsts and lasts. It also gives your mind a breather, so that when you return to studying, your mind will be sharper and thus your efforts more productive. The scale of productivity when doing mental work can be exponential. Think of your peak studying mode as "Michael Jordan" mode. That's where you are really cranking, understanding ideas and solving problems much quicker than normal. You are much more likely to maximize "Michael Jordan" study time if you give your mind an occasional break.
Intelligence is distributed
Intelligence is distributed throughout the body. For example, if you have ever played a musical instrument, you may have noticed that your hands seem to have a mind of their own. When studying, pay attention to signals your body may be giving you. If you are learning new material and your mind/body seems to be resisting, your body may be telling you that you have other needs which must be tended to that are more important.
Paradigm shift
Shifting your learning paradigm involves changing the role you perceive yourself playing with the information. One way to shift your learning paradigm is to listen, read and observe as if you are a teacher--as if you are going to teach this material to others who can benefit from it.
Another approach is to invest some time up front trying to identify someone with a problem that could benefit from the knowledge you are about to study. Why? Because there is an infinite amount of information to be processed. Most of the value comes from a very small percentage of the information, and this value is determined by the context in which the information is applied. Even two different businesses with the same problem will have very different contexts, and thus very different informational needs. The "metaskill" you must learn is to match specific information to a specific need.
Here's how it works in business: Once you have selected a problem to solve, you invest time answering the following question:
How will we recognize a successful solution after it has been implemented?
By clarifying your desired outcome, you form the basis for directing your subconscious information processing mechanisms. The clearer your outcome, the more effective your subconscious mind will be in directing you to information and people who will help you achieve that outcome. See Chapters 2 and 3 in Brain Dancing for a complete discussion of this process.
Physical Activity
Engaging in activities involving unique physical movements, timing, and coordination encourages dendrite growth in the brain. The more dendrites, the more connections your brain can make. The more connections, the more flexible and efficient your thinking and learning will be. So while hard work and disciplined study is a virtue, balancing it with activities such as the following can amplify your mental effectiveness:
Playing a musical instrument (encourages development of precise timing)
Athletics (the more timing and coordination involved the better).
Drawing and sculpturing (eye hand coordination)
Traveling and experiencing different cultures
These activities give you "mental rest". Your body rests when you sleep, but your mind keeps on cranking. Have you ever awoken in the middle of the night and noticed that you were thinking about something? The best way to give your mind a rest is to engage in an activity that you totally love to do, and that requires 100% of your attention. Such activities rip you out of your mental ruts and encourage the use of different parts of your brain. When you do get back to work, your mind will be fresh and learning will occur more efficiently.
Varied physical activities broaden your experience of life and nature. These experiences serve as metaphors for learning new conceptual topics. There are many parallels between patterns in nature and the structure of ideas presented in various fields.
Also keep in mind that the brain feeds on glucose and oxygen. Activities that promote cardiovascular fitness will increase the supply of oxygen to the brain. You want your mental engines running on high octane fuel.